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成人英语三级语法知识大全 

作者:佚名    高等学历来源:本站原创    点击数:    更新时间:2012/7/30

成人英语三级语法知识大全

 

 成人英语三级语法知识大全

 

一、句法分析..........................................................................................................................2

二、词法分析..........................................................................................................................3

三、时 态...............................................................................................................................9

四、被动语态........................................................................................................................12

五、情态动词........................................................................................................................13

六、不定式............................................................................................................................15

七、定语从句........................................................................................................................18

八、主语从句........................................................................................................................23

九、表语从句........................................................................................................................24

十、宾语从句........................................................................................................................24

十一、同位语从句................................................................................................................25

十二、状语从句....................................................................................................................26

十三、虚拟语气....................................................................................................................29

十四、动名词........................................................................................................................32

十五、现在分词....................................................................................................................32

十六、过去分词....................................................................................................................36

十七、独立主格结构............................................................................................................38

十八、倒装句型....................................................................................................................39

十九、强调句型....................................................................................................................40

二十、主谓一致....................................................................................................................41

二十一、It的用法.................................................................................................................43

 

 

 

 

 

 

一、句法分析

1、主语:是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词,主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!

v 1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语

v 2) He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语

v 3) Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语

v 4) Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语

v 5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语

v 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.从句作主语

2、谓语: 说明主语的动作,状态或特征

v 1) The new term begins on the 1st of September.

v 2) His father is an engineer.

v 3) She seemed happy.

v 4) Li Hua showed me his album.

3、宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物

v 1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.

v 2) The medicine is good for a cold.

v 3) How many pieces do you want?

v 4) My little sister always likes to ask questions.

v 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?

v 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight

4、宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。

v 1) The government appointed(任命)her chief delegate (首席代表)to the conference.

v 2) I don’t believe the story true.

v 3) You should put your things in order(有序).

v 4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.

v 5) We saw the pupils playing basketball.

5、表语:位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。

v 1)Wang’s father is a doctor.

v 2) He is always careless.

v 3) The basketball match is on.

v 4) All the pupils are on the playground now.

v 5) Our aim is to win more medals.

v 6) His work is teaching French.

v 7) The question is who can really repair the machines.

还有位于以下系动词后面的词,我们也称之为表语:

表示感官的:look\seem(看起来) sound(听起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(感觉起来):

He looks disappointed(形容词作表语)他看起来很失望。

The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。

表示变化的:getbecometurn(变得)It becomes hotter and hotter(形容词作表语). 天变得越来越热了。

6、定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,翻译常用‘……表示。

v Tom is a handsome boy. The two boys are students.

v His boy needs Tom's pen. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.

v The boy needs a ball pen. The best boy here is Tom.

v There is nothing to do today. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.

v This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.

7、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。

v 1) She sings quite well.

v 2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.

v 3) He sits there, asking for a pen.

v 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework.

v 5) If I have some spare time, I will read some story-books.

8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:

v We students should study hard. / (studentswe的同位语,都是指同一批学生

v We all are students. / (allwe的同位语,都指同样的我们

二、词法分析

(一)构词法

1.转化法:

把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法,学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。

I want to write in red.我想用红笔写字。

某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数

The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

2.派生法

1)前缀

除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:

appear出现→disappear消失,correct正确的→incorrect不正确的,lead带领→mislead领错、误导,stop停下→non-stop不停。

(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如:

alone单独的 antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴

internet互联网 reuse再用 subway地铁 telephone电话

2)后缀

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。

(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)-ess (雌性)-ful (……)-ian (精通……的人)-ist (专业人员)-ment (性质;状态)-ness (性质;状态)-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:

differ不同于→difference区别 write→writer作家 Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演员→action动作、行为 care细心→caerful仔细的、认真的

music音乐→musician音乐家

(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)-fy (使……)-ize (使……成为)。例如:wide→widen加宽 beauty→beautify美化 pure→purify提纯

real→realize意识到 organ→organize组织

(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al-able (有能力的)-(a)n(某国人的)-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)-ern (方向的)-ese(某国人的)-ful-(ic)al-ish-ive-less (表示否定)-like (……)-ly-ous-some-y (表示天气)等。例如:

nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的

America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的 east→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow→snowy雪的

(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:

angry生气的→angrily生气地 to→towards……east东方→eastward向东

3.合成法

1)合成名词

名词+名词 weekend周末 名词+动词 daybreak黎明

名词+动名词 handwriting书法 名词+介词+名词 editor-in-chief总编辑

动词+名词 typewriter打字机 动名词+名词 reading-room阅览室

现在分词+名词 flying-fish飞鱼 形容词+名词 gentleman绅士

副词+动词outbreak爆发

2)合成形容词

名词+形容词 snow-white雪白的 名词+现在分词 English-speaking讲英语的

名词+to+名词 face-to-face面对面的 名词+过去分词 man-made人造的

数词+名词+形容词 two-year-old两岁的 数词+名词+ed five-storeyed五层的

形容词+名词 high-class高级的 形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的

形容词+形容词 light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词+现在分词 good-looking相貌好看的

副词+形容词 ever-green常青的 副词+现在分词 hard-working勤劳的

副词+过去分词 well-known著名的 副词+名词 fast-food专门提供快餐服务的

介词+名词 downhill下坡的

3)合成动词

名词+动词 sleep-walk梦游 形容词+动词 white-wash粉刷

副词+动词overthrow推翻

4)合成副词

形容词+名词 hotfoot匆忙地 形容词+副词 everywhere到处

副词+副词 however尽管如此 介词+名词 beforehand事先

介词+副词forever永远

 

(二)冠词的基本用法

1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如:a book; an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour. 请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”

2.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the;指世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如:the sun, the moon, the earth

3.表示人体部位的名词前用theThe mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.母亲执着小女孩的手,轻轻地拍着她的头。

4.the用于序数词,表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south

5.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数。如:the Browns;用于形容词之前表示一类人或事物:the poor(穷人)the false(假的东西)

6.用于乐器名称前 play the piano

7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面:

(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:in summer, in August

(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如:have breakfast ,play football

(3)一些固定词组中,如:go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.

8.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别:

in front of 前面, in the front of 范围内的前部

in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在医院里。

 

(三)名词重点举要

1.名词复数的不规则变化

1)由一个词加 man woman构成的合成词,,其复数形式也是 -men -women,如an Englishmantwo Englishmen

2)除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。

如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

3)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

2. 复合名词复数形式的构成

1) 通常把-s加在复合名词的中心词上

Brother-in-law----brothers-in-law(堂兄弟们、连襟们)editor in chief---editors in chief(主编们)

2)将复合名词的后一个词变为复数

Boy-friend---boy-friendstooth-brush----tooth-brushes(牙刷)

3)两个部分都变为复数,尤其是指性别时

Man doctor---men doctors woman teacher---women teachers man writer—men writers

3 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:

two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

4 、名词的格

语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's bookthe boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所,the children's parens孩子的父母。若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:John's and Mary's rooms(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)

 

(四)连词重点用法

1.表示并列关系的连词有:and, both…and…, not only… but also…neither…nor…

1)and的特别用法:

祈使句后连接and,有条件句作用,此时and=if you…,you’ll…

Go straight on, and you’ll see the library.==If you go straight on, you will see the library.

2)both…and……,(两者)

Aboth…and…谓语动词一般用复数。

Both Jim and Kate are from England.

Bboth…and…否定句表示部分否定。

Both my father and my mother aren’t doctors.我的父母只有一个人是医生。

3)neither…nor…:既不也不

neither…nor…连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 人称的一致,即采取就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen the play before.

4)not only…but also…:不但而且

not only…but also…连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。

Not only the mother but also the children are ill.

2.表示转折关系的连词有:but, however, yet, stillwhile等。

Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming.

Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train.

He was very tired, still he kept on walking.

Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.

Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy.

3.表示选择关系的并列连词有:or, either…or…,whether… or…等。

1)or:或、否则

A:基本用法

or 表示 的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。

----Is your friend English or American? ----American.

He doesn’t like dumplings or noodles.

B:特别用法

祁使句后连接or ,表 如果…,否则…”,有转折的意思,此时 or =if you don’t …,you’ll …

Hurry up, or you’ll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.

2)either…or…:或者或者…; 不是就是;要么要么

A. either…or…连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 人称的一致,即就近原则。

Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English?

B. either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定。

She isn’t either a student or a teacher.

3)whether…or…不管还是

She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school.

4.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为)so(所以)

He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold.

It was late, so I went home.

5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as

After they had planted their crops, they took a rest.

We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.

As soon as he gets to Beijing, he’ll call me.

1) as 表示……,引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调一边……一边He sang as he walked.

2)until用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为直到……为止;当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not…..until, 译为直到……

Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来)

Mr. Green didn’t go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉)

6. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果……)等。

If you don’t go soon, you’ll be late.=Unless you go soon, you’ll be late.

7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since等。

because“因为语气最强,回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as“由于since“既然语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首;for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。

He didn’t go to school because he was ill.

As it was raining, we went there by bus.

Since everybody is here, let’s begin.

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.

注意:becauseso不能同时使用。

8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though(虽然,尽管), even though/if (即使)

Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.

Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn’t help him.

注意:although/though 引导的从句不能与but连用,但可与yet, still连用。

9.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so thatin order that(以便,为了)等。

The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.

10.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that(结果是)so/such…that…(如此以至于)等。

It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.

He got there so early that he got a good seat.

It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.

11.引导比较状语从句的连词:as…as…(一样),not as/so… as…(不如),than()等。

I know you better than she does.

He works as carefully as she.

I can’t run as/so fast as you.

注意:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时。

I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.

He won’t come unless he is invited.

 

(五)副词、形容词

1.形容词及其用法

1)表语形容词只能作表语,这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraidafraidalikealivealoneasleepawake 等。

2)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something nice.

2.-ly结尾的形容词

大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendlydeadlylovelylonelylikelylivelyuglybrotherly,仍为形容词。

3.用形容词表示类别和整体

1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the deadthe livingthe richthe poorthe blindthe hungry等。例如:

The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。

2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the Britishthe Englishthe Frenchthe Chinese等。例如:

The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。

4.形容词与副词的比较级

常见的双音节或多音节词,在前面加moremost来构成比较级和最高级

important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily

7.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:

He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。

2)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:

This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。

Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。

3)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:

This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。

This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。

Your room is twice the size of mine.

8.可修饰比较级的词常用的有a little, rather, much, far, many,

Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai.

如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。

I have many more books than Tom.

There is much more water in the south than in the north.

9. the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:

The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。

形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如:

It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。

2by far一般修饰最高级,,

This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 这道题是这个练习里最难的。

注意:最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:

Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。

Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。

10. more有关的词组

the more…the more… …………。例如:

The harder you workthe greater progress you'll make. 越努力,进步越大。

 

(六)数词用法举要

1)倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as。例如

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

 

b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size amountlength…of…。例如:

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…。例如:

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

今年比去年粮食产量增加8%

2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如:

1/3 one-third3/37 three and three-sevenths.

 

 

 

三、时态

一、一般现在时

 1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3)表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。

 

二、一般过去时

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。

3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "……时间了" "……"

例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……"

例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would hadrather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'

例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

 

三、一般将来时

1shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2be going to +不定式,表示将来。

a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 计划,安排要发生的事。

例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。

例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

看那乌云,快要下雨了。

3be +to表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4be about to +动词原形,意为马上做某事。

例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意:

1、一般现在时表示将来1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。

2、用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来:

I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

 

四、现在进行时

a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。

例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。

例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel.

他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

例如: The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

d. always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

 

五、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如: I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。 They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。

难点释疑:

when作并列连词,表示(这时)突然之意时,第一个并列分句用过去进行时,when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如: . I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步,突然遇见了他。 We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩,这时下起雨来了。

 

六、将来进行时

1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如: She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。 I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。

2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this eveningon Sunday, by this timetomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。

注意:主将从现原则,主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时) When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。。

 

七、现在完成时

a. 现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响,后面通常不用时间状语,但句中常出现already, just, yet等副词。如: Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。 I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。 Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗? 注:alreadyyet用法上的区别 already常用于肯定句,置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句,常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如:

b. 现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作,状态一直持续到现在,常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。

如: I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born.

注:

(1) forsince引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间 从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。

(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。

如:Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.

(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情,常和often, ever, never, before, once, …times等时间状语连用。如: . I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.

难点释疑:

1.点动词与延续性动词的区别 .

所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如:begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 . I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。

2. have got的含义 . have got形式上是现在完成时,却和have是同一个意思 She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有点发烧。

3、用于现在完成时的句型 It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time thatI've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

 

八、过去完成时

1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即过去的过去。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。

如: By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。

例如: I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

当车来的时候,我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。

例如: Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。

4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

例如: I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。

5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

例如:. He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,

例如: When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。

例如: They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他们本来打算去帮忙,但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。

8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc)time (that)…等固定句型中。

例如: . Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲,听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。

 

九、将来完成时

a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。

例如:You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了

 

四、被动语态

(I) 被动语态的构成. 被动语态的形式是由助动词be+动词的过去分词构成。助动词be随着主语的人称,数,时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下:

1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p) 人们利用电能运转机器。 People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.

Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.

2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p) 昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.

3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p) 下星期我们将举行一场运动会。A sports meeting will be held next week.

4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p) 他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。

We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.

5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p) . 他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted. Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .

6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p) 当我进厨房时,她正在做蛋糕。A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.

7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p) 他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.

8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p) 到上个月为止,他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。 The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.

9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p) . 2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.

注:

1.      含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时,用情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如: The machine must be operated with care.

2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语,变成被动语态时,分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”“be to +be+V(p.p)”。如: The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.

(II)由动词短语形成的被动语态: 一般情况下,只有及物动词才能跟宾语,而不及物动词不能跟宾语,所以只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后,变成一个动词短语,相当于一个及物动词,就可以形成被动语态。约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on. 奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.

注:千万不要遗漏介词或副词。

难点释疑:

主动形式表被动意义 . 在下列情况中,谓语形式是主动的,但具有被动的含义。 The food tastes delicious.这种食物尝起来很可口。 The idea sounds good.这个主意听起来不错。 The apples sell well.这些苹果很好卖。 The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。 3.一些固定句型表示被动含义。

a. be worth doing sth The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。

b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态,但可用这种结构表被动或使役。 I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。

c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be done The room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。

 

五、情态动词

1can

1)表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。

I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。

He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁,但已认得字了。

2)表示推测语气的用法时,can只能用于疑问句和否定句,用于否定句的时候必须要有充分的理由说明。如:

Can he be at home? No, he can’t be at home, because I met him in the street just 5 minutes ago.

他可能在家吗?不,他不可能在家,因为我5分钟之前才在街上遇到他。

2may (might)

1)表示请求、可以、允许。 You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。

2)表建议(可和as well 连用) You maymightas well stay where you are. 你还是原地待着好。(may as well 还是……的好的含义)

3)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定,只能用于肯定句和否定句。 He may be at home. 他可能在家。 She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。 He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。 They might be having a meeting, but I’m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。

3must

1)表示必须、必要 We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。

2)must 的否定式有两个:当回答由must引起的问题时,否定答复要用needn’tdon’t have to 表示不必无须用不着

3)表示推测语气的用法,意为准是、一定等,只用于肯定句,并且要有充足的理由说明。 He must have passed the exam, because he looked so happy.

他一定通过考试了,因为他看起来如此的开心。

4. have to

have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要,must着重说明主观看法。 I must clean the room.(主观想法)I have to clean the room.(客观需要) 另外,have to 能用于更多时态: We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。 We will have to reconsider the whole thing. 这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。 have to 的否定式:don’t have to do 表示不必做……”之意。

5would.

1)表意愿。

They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.

他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。

 I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。

2)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。

Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.

她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。

6ought to .

表义务,意为应该(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。 You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。

You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。

7used to .

表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。 He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。 There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。 I usedn’t (didn’t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。

Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?

难点释疑:

(一)needdare的用法比较

needdare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。

1.用作情态动词

You needn’t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。

I don’t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。

She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。

Not one of them dared mention this. 他们谁也不敢提这件事。

2.用作实义动词

You don’t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。

We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。

The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。

We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。

He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。

(二)情态动词后跟完成式和进行时的用法

1.情态动词后跟完成式,表应当已经……”想必已经……”本来可以……”等意。 I should have finished the work earlier. 我应当早一点完成这项工作的。

He isn’t here. He must have missed the train. 他还未到,一定是没赶上火车。

Where can (could) he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢?

You may (might) have read about it. 你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。

You could (might) have been more careful. 你本来可以更细心的。

He needn’t have worried about it. 他本不必为此事担心。

There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ought to have come, but why didn’t you? 昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来,为何不来呢?

2. 情态动词后跟进行时,表示想必正在……”可能正在……”应当正在等意。 It’s twelve o’clock. They must be having lunch. 现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。 They may be discussing this problem now 他们可能正在论讨这个问题。

 

六、不定式

1. 不定式的构成

1) 不定式的一般式. 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如:

They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。

He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。

2) 不定式的完成式 . 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:

She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。

I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.

我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。

It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.

对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。

3) 不定式的进行时 . 不定式的进行时表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:

He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。

4) 动词不定式的否定形式是由notnever加不定式构成。

Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。

He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。

5) 疑问词+动词不定式:

不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语,有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如:

On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息,他不知道该哭还是该笑。

When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。

The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。

介词后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如:

Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.

玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。

I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。

2. 不定式的语法作用 .

1) 不定式作主语:

To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。

To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。

在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式短语移到谓语之后,使句子显得平稳一些。如:

It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。

It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.

听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。

2) 不定式作表语:

The most important thing is to put theory into practice.

最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。

The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.

最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。

I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。

4) 不定式作补语:.

①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语,这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如:

I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。

I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋这么快就穿破了。注意:动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如: Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子?

②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带to

I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。

They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.

他们每天让孩子晚上700上床睡觉。

注意:当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时,不定式就成了主语补语,作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如:

Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。

 He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。

③以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中,动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如:

More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.

据报道,有20多个人死于事故。

I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.

他被汽车撞的时候,我碰巧在和他谈话。

5)不定式作状语: .

不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。

    不定式作目的状语,有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如:

In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.

为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏,妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。

He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.

今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。

    不定式作结果状语,常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说,这个问题很难回答。

He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.

他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。

Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗?

He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。

③不定式作原因状语,通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。

They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他们很惊讶。 We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年,我们感到很骄傲。 hard, difficult, easy, fitcomfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。如:

The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。

The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。

2.      不定式的复合结构.

It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。 It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。

They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.

他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。

难点释疑:

1.      不定式不带to的规则:

前面我们已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种情况请大家注意:

    why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:

Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱?

Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试?

②在had better(还是……最好), had best(最好,顶好), would rather(宁可,宁愿), would rather…than(宁可……而不……, would sooner(宁可,宁愿), would sooner…than(宁可……而不……, cannot but(不得不,必然), cannot choose but(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如: You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。

I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.

他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。

Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。

One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.

一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。

③在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不用to。如: Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.

昨晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其它的事情。

Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。

but 之前没有do,其后的不定式则一般要加to。如:

I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择,只好乘出租车了。 They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。

2.      for somebody to doof somebody to do的用法区别:

句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性,如:important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。

It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.

我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。

It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly.他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。 “It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如:kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。

It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。

It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket

这个男孩真傻,一直往篮子里倒水。

七、定语从句

(一)定义及相关术语

1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行

词之后。

2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有三个作用:

A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如: The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。

 

(二)关系代词引导的定语从句

1who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.

想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。

Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。

2whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。

Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.

先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。

Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。

The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。

The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.

老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。

注意:关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。

The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.

3Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。

Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here.

制造计算机的那家公司离这很远。

He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。

This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.

他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。

4That 指人时,相当于who whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.

每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿? The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.

你介绍给我的那个人很友好。

The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。 Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.

昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。

5Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。

 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.

我拜访了一个全国知名科学家。

He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。

I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。

注意:指物时,常用下列结构来代替: The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

 

(三)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由介词+关系代词引出。

The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.

The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。

This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.

This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。

We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.

We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。

注意:

1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look for, look after, take care of 等。

This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. () 这是我正在找的手表。

This is the watch for which I am looking . ()

The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. ()

那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。

The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (误)

2.  若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose

The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. ()

你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。

The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. ()

The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. ()

我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。

The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. ()

 3介词+关系代词前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如:

He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。.

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。

There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

迄今为止,他写了10部小说,其中3部是关于农村生活的。

 

(四)关系副词引导的定语从句

1when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。.

 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。

October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

1949101是中华人民共和国成立的日子。

Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.

你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗?

2.where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

我十年前住的房子已被拆掉了。

I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .

我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。

Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗? 3why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。

The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

我不知道他今天为何看上去不愉快。

注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用介词+关系代词引导的定语从句来表示。

如: From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.

自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。

Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.

他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。.

 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.

他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。

 

(五)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句:

The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.

老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。.

China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。

2、非限制性定语从句举例

Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天,我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。

注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义: Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(意含: 她还有其他哥哥。) Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的,他总是鼓励她上大学。(意含:她只有一个哥哥。)

难点释疑:

(一)限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况。

1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如:Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 老师讲的你都记下来了吗? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.

对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。

All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。

There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。

He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.

他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。.

注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如:

Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。

All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.

所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。

2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。

如:The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。

如:This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。

如:This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后,那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。.

注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who。如:

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。

5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。

如:Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?

6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。

如:They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school

他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.

瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。

(二)关系代词aswhich 引导的定语从句

as which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。

1.      as which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如:

He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。

He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。

2.      as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有正如、正像的含义。如:

As is known to all, China is a developing country.

众所周知,中国是发展中国家。

He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.

他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。

John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 约翰是个著名作家。

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.

张华已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。

注意:当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如: Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.

汤姆老是迟到,这使得老师很恼火。.

These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.

这些桌子是金属的,这使得这些桌子很重。

3.      当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。 如:

I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。() the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in whichthat引导,而且通常可以省略。

The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.

他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。

I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。

(四)关系代词与关系副词的选择

用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分)。试比较:

 A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.

我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。

 I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.

我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。

B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.

我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。

I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.

我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。

C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。

This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.

这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。.

(五)定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1.定语从句修饰限定先行词,它与先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,

它与先行词是同位关系。

The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.(定语从句)

刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。

The fact that he has already died is quite clear.(同位语从句)

他已去世了,这个事实很明了。

2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词在从句中担当相应句子成分,关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导,在从句中一般不担当成分;有时由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。

The news that he told me is true. (定语从句)他告诉我的消息是真的。

The news that he has just died is true. (同位语从句) 他刚刚去世了,这个消息是真的。

The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.

(定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。

The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位语从句)

我们如何筹集这么多资金,这个问题很难解决。

The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定语从句)

他提出的问题让我们很为难。

The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位语从句)

他是否一定会赢得那场比赛,这个问题很难回答。

3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,定语从句则不能。

A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位语从句)

我们可以老师请教,这个主意不错。

The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位语从句)

地球围绕太阳转,这个事实人人皆知。

The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.

C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位语从句)

请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。

The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.

 

八、主语从句

1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。

2.构成:关联词+简单句

3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类:

(1)从属连词that

如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.

很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。

(2)从属连词whether。如:

Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

连接副词 where, when, how, why。如:

What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。

How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。

Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。

难点释疑:

1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:

A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如:

It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。

It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。

B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如:It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。

It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。

C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如:

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.

据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。

D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如:

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。

It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。

E. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:

How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪!

2.注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义:

Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。

Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。

Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who)

你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。

 

九、表语从句

1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。

2.构成:关联词+简单句

3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类:

(1) 从属连词that

如:The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。

(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if

如:He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。

The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。

注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如:

All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.

这都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一样。

能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。

如:It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

连接副词 where, when, how, why

如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。

难点释疑:

1.连词because可引导表语从句。

如:I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。

2.在一些表示建议、劝说、命令的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。

My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

 

十、宾语从句

(1) 从属连词that

如:He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。

I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。

2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。

(2)从属连词if/whether

如:I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。

I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。

(3) Who or what he was, Martin never learned.

他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。

(4) 介词宾语从句

宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

他对那天发生的事感到很不快。

I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.

你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。

难点释疑:

1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。

如:We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.

他已表明他不会屈服。

2.He is a good student except that he is careless.

他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。

3. 连词whether (…or not)if引导的宾语从句

ifwhether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和or not连用,if一般不与or not连用。I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。

4.宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。

I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。

I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。

I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意,是吗?

5.宾语从句的时态变化规律:

(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。

(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。

 

十一、同位语从句

1.定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。

2.用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report,

remark等,关联词多用从属连词that

如:They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.

对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来?

Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.

德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。

连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。

The question who should do the work requires consideration.

谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。

We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。

It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。

难点释疑:

1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别

 

that引导的同位语从句

that引导的定语从句

句法功能上

that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。

that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。

意义上

从句是被修饰名词的内容。

从句起限定作用,是定语

The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句,that不可省。)

先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。

The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。

(定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)

2.一些表示建议、命令、要求的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。

如:This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.

这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。

 

十二、状语从句

1.时间状语从句:.

在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致,一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。

As / When I came home, I met an old schoolmate of mine.

我回家的时候遇到了我的一位老同学。

I’ll ring you up as soon as I get an answer from him.我一有他的答复就给你打电话。 Once you see him, you will never forget him. 你一旦见过他,就不会忘了他的。

Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.

每当我们遇上困难的时候,他们就来帮我们。

Each time he came to town he would visit our school.

他每次进城,总要来看看我们的学校。

Every time I went to his house, he was out.我每次去他家,他都出去了。

It is just a week since we arrived here.It is /was… since…是常用句型)

我们到这儿刚刚一星期。(主句的动作或状态持续时间较短,不能用ever since)

Things went well until / till one night an accident happened.

事情一切正常,直到有一天晚上发生了意外。

2.地点状语从句.

地点状语从句是由where(在……的地方), wherever(无论哪里)引导的:

Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成。

You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.

(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句) 哪儿有问题,你最好在哪儿做个记号。

He would keep in touch with us wherever he was .

他无论在什么地方,总与我们保持联系。

3. 原因状语从句.

表示原因的状语从句可以由as(由于), because(因为), since(既然), now (that) (既然), considering that(顾及到), seeing that(由于)等连词引导:

I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)

Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.

由于好些人都没到会,我们决定延期开会。

Now that/Since you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.

既然大家都来了,咱们就设法做出一个决定吧。

As she was ill, she didn’t come to the party.由于病了,她没来参加晚会。 Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.

考虑到他们才刚刚学做,他们干得算很不错的了。

4.      目的状语从句.

引导目的状语从句的主要连词有:that, so that(以便), in order that(为了), for fear that(以便), in case(万一)等,从句中常常使用一些情态动词,如:can, could, may, might, should等。如:

Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.

我们坐前排吧,这样我们看得更清楚些。

School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。

He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.他把名字写下省得忘了。

(该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形,或省略shouldBetter take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。

5.结果状语从句.

引导结果状语从句的连词有:so that(从句中不带情态动词), so…that(如此……以致……), such…that(如此……以致……)等。

He didn’t plan his time well, so that/so he didn’t finish the work in time.

他没把时间计划好,结果没按时完成这项工作。

We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.

我们走得匆忙,把门都忘了锁了。(such是形容词,后接名词)

The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.

这村子太小,所以这地图上没有。(so是副词,后接形容词或副词)

Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much = Jenny is so clever a girl that….Jenny是如此聪明的女孩,以至老师们都非常喜欢她。

但是,当名词前有many, much, few, little()修饰时,要用so,不能用such。例如: I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.

我摔了许多跤,以至于浑身青一块,紫一块。

He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少,所以经常感到孤独。

I had so little money then that I couldn’t afford a little present.

我当时囊中羞涩,连一份小小礼物都买不起。

6. 条件状语从句.

表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果), unless(除非), in case(万一), so /as long as(只要), as/ so far as(就……而言), on condition that(条件是……, suppose(假设), supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。

As/So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.

只要我们不灰心,我们就能找到克服困难的方法。

Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.

万一有什么困难,请给我们一个信。

If you leave at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning, you’d better get to bed now.

如果你明早6点钟走,你最好现在就上床。

We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.

只要你能保持整洁,我们可以让你使用这个房间。

As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知,他是一个DNA专家。

He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.

他会接受这项工作的,除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。

Suppose/Supposing we can’t get enough food, what shall we do?

假设我们弄不到足够的食物,那我们怎么办?

7. 方式状语从句.

方式状语从句常由as(与……一样), as if(仿佛), as though(仿佛)等词引导: Do in Rome as the Romans do.入乡随俗。

Leave things as they are.让一切顺其自然。

She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.

她站在门口,仿佛在等人似的。(由as ifas though引导的从句中可用虚拟语气)

8. 比较状语从句.

比较状语从句常由than(比), as(与……一样)等词引导:

It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.上海下的雨比北京的多。

Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.我们的国家同整个欧洲一样大。

The result was not as/so good as I had expected.结果不如我预料的那么好。

The busier he is, the happier he feels.(常见句型)他越忙越开心。

9. 让步状语从句. 让步状语从句由although(尽管), though(尽管), however(无论怎样), whatever(无论什么), whoever(无论谁), whomever(无论谁), whichever(无论哪个), whenever(无论何时), wherever(无论哪里), whether(是否), no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) (无论……, even if(即使), even though(即使)等词引导。如:

We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.

我们就是失败十次也不泄气。

It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.

那是一场精彩的球赛,尽管一个球都没进。(though, although不能与 but连用) Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信,这是真的。

However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.

无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。

Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。 No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.

无论我说什么或怎么说,他总认为是我错。 连词as也可以引导让步状语从句,但从句中要用特殊语序。如:

Young as he is, he knows a lot=Though he is young Young though he is, he…. 他虽然年轻,但懂得很多。

难点释疑:

1.hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于引起的句子的开头时,常用倒装语序。

No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points. Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her. 这三组关联词引起的句子中,前面常用过去完成时,后面用一般过去时。

2.ifunless的用法

一般情况下,unless相当于if…not,可以互换。如:

I won’t let you in unless you show me your pass = I won’t let you in if you don’t show me your pass.如果你不出示通行证,我就不让你进来。

 

十三、虚拟语气

一.虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,现将其形式列表如下: 动词形式 时间

从句

主句

与现在事实相反

动词过去式(be的过去式用were)

would(could/should/might)+动词原形

与过去事实相反

had+动词过去分词

would(could/should/might)+have过去分词

与将来事实可能相反

动词过去式 should+动词原形 were to+动词原形

would(could/should/might)+动词原形

1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:

If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth.

要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你)

 If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.

如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)

2 .表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:

If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。)

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)

3.表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:

If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.

假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。

 注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,were to + 动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。 If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.

三.虚拟语气的其它用法。

1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形结构,表示某事是重要奇怪自然必要等意义。如:

It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English.

重要的是每个北京人能说英语。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。

2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。

1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that

a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行时(be的过去式用were )表示。如:

 I wish I knew the answer to the question.

我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)

I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.

但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望,实际根本不可能实现。)

b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用 had+过去分词。如:

I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time.

我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。)

He wishes (wished) he hadn’t lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了,他感到惋惜。)

c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如:

I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。

2)在suggest(建议), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做), command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形,表示建议,要求,命令等。如:

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。

注:当suggest表示暗示,主语为somethinginsist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较:

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.

他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。

He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.

他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。

3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。

当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如:

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.

我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。

The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。

4.特殊的虚拟语气结构。

1)虚拟语气用在状语从句中由as if as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(be→were)had+过去分词。如:

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.

这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。

2)在It is time (that) …; I’d rather (that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气,意思是该干某事了,时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望。如:

It is time that we did something to stop pollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。 It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.

该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。

I’d rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。

I’d rather I didn’t see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。

5.虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法

在名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气,起形式为 “(should)+动词原形,说明建议劝告命令等的具体内容。如: The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.

提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。

Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on.

她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议。

难点释疑:

(一)主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句) 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:

If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 如果你当时听了我的话,现在就能完成这份工作了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。)

If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.

如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去。)

If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我, 我不可能买下这幢新房,很可能现在还住在危房里。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在。)

(二)含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况;

 1. 条件暗含在短语中。如:

(1)W hat would I have done without you?

如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在分词短语without you)

(2) It would be easier to do it this way.

这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way)

(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster.

同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime)

(4) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.

如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help)

(5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that

great beast.他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)

(6) Alone, he would have been terrified.

如是单独一人,他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)

(三)条件从句中省去if的情况 在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,常可以省略if,将had, wereshould提至句首。

Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.

假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。

Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.

要是下周能下雨的话,农民们就能有个好收成了。

 

 

 

 

 

十四、动名词

1. 习惯只能加动名词作宾语的动词:

避免错过少延期 avoid miss delay

建议完成多练习suggest finish practice

喜欢想象禁不住like/enjoy imagine can’t help + doing

承认否定和嫉妒admit deny envy

逃脱冒险莫原谅escape risk excuse

忍受保持不在意stand keep mind

2. 带动名词的习惯短语:

Abe used/get used tobe objective tolook forward tooppose toobject topay attention tobe opposed todevote oneself to

Bbe worthgive upbe busyfeel likeprevent/ stop/ keep...fromspend/ waste...in doing sth.

3. 带动名词和不定式有差别的动词:有9个动词既可以动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思却不同。rememberforget, trymeanstopregret,want needrequire

 

注:remember to do sth.指记住(别忘记)要做某事,remember doing sth.记得(回忆起)曾做过某事;forget to do sth指忘了要做某事,forget doing sth.忘了要做某事;try to do sth指试图做某事,try doing sth.试试看(试过);mean to do sth指打算,有意图,mean doing sth.意味着,就是;stop to do sth停下来做某事,此为目的状语,stop doing sth.停止做某事。Regret to do sth对现在要发生的事表示遗憾regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示后悔want to do sth指希望,想要;want doing sth.需要, require to do sth指需要,required doing sth.主动式表示被动。

 

十五、现在分词

1. -ing分词的否定形式是由not -ing分词构成。如:

Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.

不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等着。

His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。

2.-ing分词的一般式和完成式:.

-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时

进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如:

Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生,他对书本很感兴趣。

Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格。

3.-ing分词的被动式:.

-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)。如:

The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。

They are talking about his having been criticizing by the teacher.

他们正在谈论他被老师批评的事。

Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后,他把烟戒了。

注意:在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如:

Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。

4. -ing分词的语法作用.

 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。

1)–ing分词(短语)作主语: Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中,-ing分词也作主语。

①为了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主语,而把真实主语放在句末。如:

It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。

It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。

②在There is no结构中,通常用-ing分词。如:

There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。

There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。

 2) -ing分词(短语)作表语: His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。

3) -ing分词作宾语:

–ing分词作动词宾语。如:

I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。

We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。

--ing分词作介词宾语,经常用在一些短语的后面。如:

I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。

They don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。

注意:在有些句子中,介词常可省去。如:

I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.

我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。

He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。

What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚?

4) -ing分词作定语:

①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如: reading room阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car餐车 sleeping car卧车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 the exciting news令人振奋的消息

a boring speech令人乏味的演出

-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面,也相当于一个定语从句。如:

Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁?

They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。

–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:

When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.

当她出现的时候,约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。

5) -ing分词做状语:

. -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。

①-ing分词短语作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句,可由连词when, while引出。While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书,一边不时地点头。 Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画,他想起了她的童年。

-ing分词短语作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:

Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.

因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书送给他。

Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.

因为非常激动,那晚我们许多人都没睡着。

–ing分词短语作结果状语。如:

His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了,留给他许多钱。

She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.

她非常生气,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。

-ing分词作伴随状语,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间,表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如:

They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.

他们在那儿站了半小时,观察着天上的星星。

 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 .

-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语,相当于一个状语从句。如:

A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.

一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。

注:-ing分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。

“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词结构在句中作状语,表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如:

His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移,他的头发变花白了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.

没人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。

6) -ing分词作补语:

--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语,作宾语补语。如: I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.

我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。

Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。

    上面这类句子也可变成被动语态,这时,-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如:

We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。

Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。

7) -ing分词的复合结构:.

-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成,在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格,通常在句中作主语和宾语。如:

His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。

He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。

难点释疑:

1.      能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词:. mind(介意), suggest(建议), enjoy(欣赏,), admit(承认), appreciate(感激,欣赏), avoid(避免), delay(推迟), dislike(不喜欢,厌恶), escape(逃脱), finish(完成), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(错过), practise(训练), risk(冒险), deny(拒绝,否认)。

2.      有些动词既能接不定式,又能接-ing分词,含义有所不同。如:

forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作,而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如:

Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗?

Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。

②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语,意思也有所不同。

I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。

 Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗?

I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour.

误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。

Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.

做完练习以后,我们继续学习下一单元的单词。

 After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后,他们又继续工作。

He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候,他停止了讲话。

While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.工作的时候,他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。

 注意:有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。

③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语,不可以接动词不定式作宾语,但可接不定式作宾语补语。如: .

 Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。

We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。

④动词need, require, want需要解时,后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如: The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。

These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 这些小孩需要细心地照料。

⑤动词like, hate, prefer等后面,如表示一般性动作,多用-ing分词;如指特定的具体的某次动作,多用不定式。如:

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.

我喜欢游泳,但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。

I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。

I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。

3.ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如:

developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家

a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市

an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事

working people= people who are working 劳动人民

4. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别: .

see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后,既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复合宾语,两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时,表示动作正在进行;用不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。如:

Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.)

有人在敲门你听见了吗?

Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.)

你听见有人敲门了吗?

5. 常见的带介词to的短语,后接-ing分词或名词。

contribute to(捐助、贡献), lead to (导致),look forward to(期待), take to(从事),

turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、坚持), be used to (习惯于), devote oneself to (献

身于), 一些固定的-ing分词短语,如generally speaking(一般来说), judging from…

(根据……来判断), considering…(考虑到……, talking of…(谈到……,提到……,

supposing…(假如……)等,这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语,也可当作一个插入语。如:

Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.

考虑到他是多么的穷,我们决定让他免费听音乐会。

 

十六、过去分词

1. 分词的定义

动词的-ed分词即过去分词,是由动词的过去分词构成,一般只有一种形式。

2. 过去分词的语法作用: .

 1) 过去分词作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如:

He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。

2) 过去分词做定语:. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个定语从句。如:

The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。

过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如:

The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.

外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。

过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如:

The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.

这些书是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。

The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千个学生出席了。

3) 过去分词做状语: 过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况。

①表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词whenwhile来强调时间概念。如: Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.

从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。

 Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.

入党以后,他决定献身于党的事业。

②表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:.

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞,年轻人决定起来从事斗争。

 ③表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如:

Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会,他会做得更好。

Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.

和你哥哥相比,你应该更加努力学习英语。

If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。

④表让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如:

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.

尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.

尽管被许多人嘲笑,他还是继续他的研究。

⑤表方式或伴随情况。如:

The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.

那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。

Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.

我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。

4) 过去分词作补足语: 过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语,用作宾语补语。如:.

When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?

你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿?

When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.

当你在作报告时,你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。

当这类句子变成被动语态时,过去分词用作主语补语。如:

One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。

They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。

难点释疑:

1. 过去分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如:

When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.

当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时,他沉默不语。

Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致,必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。

2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语:. have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出,表示一次性的动作。如:

I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。

Jim often has his father help him with his homework.

吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。

have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语,分词动作也由宾语发出,强调动作的延续或正在进行。如:

They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。

We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.

我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。

have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语,宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系,通常有两种情况:

 ①主语让别人做某事,强调主语的意志。如:.

 He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。

Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来,这个中心让人种了很多

树。

②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境,说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如: He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。

 He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中,他失去了一只眼睛。

3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式: the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥(表示将来的动作) the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 (表示正在进行的动作) the bridge built 造好的桥(表示完成的动作)

4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别:.

过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受,而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征,如:

Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息,我们感到很惊讶

The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。

They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。 At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears. 看到这么动人的情景,所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。

英语中这样的分词还有很多,如:amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。

5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别:.

过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语: boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况。由此可见,过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作;而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。

 

十七、独立主格结构

1.独立结构的实质和类型

独立结构按其结构形式,分为不定式独立结构-ing分词独立结构-ed分词独立结构和无动词独立结构,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。 例如:

1There being nothing else to do, we left. 由于没有其它事情可做,我们离开了。

There being…-ing分词独立结构)

 

2She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。

her hands clasped…-ed分词独立结构)

3He went off, gun in hand. 他手里拿着枪离开了。(gun in hand为无动词独立结构)

4The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 由于地板又湿又滑,我们呆在屋外。

The floor wet…为无动词独立结构

. 2独立结构的用法和意义

由上述诸例可以看出,独立结构与主语之间通常用逗号隔开,在独立结构中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如:

7The manager sat quietly in the office, (his ) eyes closed.

经理静静地坐在办公室里,双目紧闭。

独立结构的位置是比较灵活的,它可位于句首,句中或句尾。例如:

8Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground.

他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。

9He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着他,两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。

10He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month.

他,如果情况允许,将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。

如果一句中含有几个独立结构,通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。例如:

11The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。

3独立结构在句中可表示多种含义。例如:

表示时间:

12His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. =After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 家庭作业完成之后,杰姆决定去看戏。

13The meal over, we began to work again. =When the meal was over, we began to work again. 吃完饭,我们又开始干活。

表示原因:

14The last bus giving gone, we had to walk home. =Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home. 由于末班车已开走,我们只得步行回家。

15Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. =As her shirt was caught on a nail, she could not move. 由于裙子被钉子钩住,她不能移动。

表示条件:

16Whether permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. =If weather permits, the football match will be played on Wednesday. 假如天气允许的话,足球赛将在星期三举行。

表示方式和伴随状况:

17He put on his socks wrong side out. 他穿上袜子,反面朝上。

18The children were watching the acrobatic show, their eye (being) wide open.

孩子们在看杂技表演,眼睛睁得很大。

在上述诸例中,独立结构均可变为由with引导的介词词组,即在独立结构前可用介词with。介词with在此没有什么意义,只是比较口语化。例如:

19They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. 他们坐在房间里,窗帘拉下来。

With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. 树长高了,我们得到更多的阴凉。

 

He came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 他手里拿着一本书走进教室。

 

十八、倒装句型

a) 完全倒装 将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,称之为完全倒装。例如: Now comes the chance. 机会来了。

b) 部分倒装 只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前,谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面,称之为部分倒装。例如: Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。 Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。

3. 倒装的原因

a) 一些句型的固定用法。

例如:Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。

b) 强调的需要。倒装以后,句子更加流畅生动。

例如:Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。 Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。

4. 倒装句的基本用法 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中: Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。 Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了!

a) 副词only+状语放在句首时: Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。 Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。

b) 含有否定意义的副词或连词(如little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner…than)放在句首时: Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。 Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。 Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车刚一进站,我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。

c) 副词soneither(nor)在句首: He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣,我也如此。

He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.

他没有去过农村,他也不想去那里。

d) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首:

Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。 So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大,连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。 So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 字那么小,他几乎看不见。

难点释疑:

1. so讲时,引导的句子用倒装语序。

]例如:He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了,我也去了。 如不作讲而只起连词作用,表示一种结果的意思,句子就要用正常语序。例如:

His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影,他就去了。

 “He is a tall thin man.” “So he is.” “他又高又瘦。” “确实如此。

2 Young as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他年轻,却知道很多东西。

3. 在虚拟语气中,如果非真实条件句省略if,须将主句中的were, hadshould等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分倒装。

例如:Were he younger (= If he were younger), he would learn skating.

假如他年轻一些,他就会去学溜冰。

Should they forget (= If they should forget) to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods. 如果他们忘记带一张地图的话,他们就会在深林里迷路。

Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldn’t have refused to accept it. 假如他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话,他们就不致于拒绝接受这项任务。

 

十九、强调句型

在现代英语中,人们可以通过词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。

(1) 词汇手段

The last thing that a lazy student wishes is examination.

懒学生最不愿意的事情就是考试。

At that very moment the policemen came. 就在那时警察到了。

Where in the world did you go just now ? 你刚才究竟去哪儿了?

What on earth are you doing? 你究竟在干什么?

She's not in the least angry with me. 她一点也不生我的气。

(2) 语法手段

1. It iswas…thatwho…句型表示强调。

被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语)放在iswas的后面,被强调的是人,则后面可用whowhom等代替。例如:

He met an old friend in the park yesterday. 他昨天在公园碰见一个老朋友。

上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调。如:

It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday. (强调主语)

It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. (强调宾语)

It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. (强调地点状语)

It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park. (强调时间状语)

2. 用助动词do, doesdid来强调谓语动词。例如:

Do come early. 一定早点来。

He did send you a letter last week. 他上周确实给你寄过一封信。

We’re pleased that she does intend to come. 她的确打算来,我们非常高兴。

3.用主语从句+BE+被强调部分,主语从句常用what引导。例如:

John wants a ball. 约翰想要一个球。

What John wants is a ball. 约翰想要的是一个,球。

Mary gives piano lessons every day. 玛丽每天教钢琴。

What Mary does every day is (to) give piano lessons. 玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴。

4. 人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调。例如:

Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不会第一个使用核武器。

Only in this way can we catch up with and surpass the world's advanced level of science and technology. 只有这样,我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平。

难点释疑:

1. It was at 7 o’clock that he came back. 他是7点钟回来的。(强调句,强调at 7 o’clock)

.  2. It iswas…that…强调句型的被强调部分如果是原因状语从句,只能由because引导,不能

sinceaswhy引导。例如:

It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.

正是由于水涨了,他们没有渡过河去。(不用becausesince

3.注意 " not ... until " 强调句型的变化。比较下列三个句子:

She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.

It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.

Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.

 

二十、主谓一致

1、定义: 所谓主谓一致,就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支配。这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处。

2、主谓一致的种类:

⑴ 语法形式上的一致 主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。如: I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他,他经常帮助我。 We often help each other and learn from each other. 我们经常互相帮助,互相学习。

⑵ 意义上的一致

a.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。

如:The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包围住了这位政府官员。单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle等。如: The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。

b.主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。

news以及以ics结尾的学科名称(如:physicspoliticsmathseconomics等)。

⑶ 就近原则

就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

a. 并列主语用连词or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接,谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。如:

 

Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.

不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。

Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你错,要么是他错吗?

b. there be 表存在的句式中,主语是两个或多个名词(短语)的并列时,be 的形式与最前边的一个名词(短语)一致。如:

There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table═ There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。

C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中,必须认准哪是主语。如:

Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。

On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman.船上有2,2001, 1,500多人丧生,这位年轻妇女也在其中。

难点释疑:

名词作主语

1、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。

如:Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.

两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。

Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help.两百美元帮了Jack大忙。

2、如果主语有more than one… many a…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。

如: More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已经要求留下。

Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。

但是“more+复数名词+than one”结构及“more than one hundred+复数名词结构之后,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如:

More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成员反对你的计划。

3、不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a …and many a…结构作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。

如:Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。

Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.

许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。

4、表示成双成套的名词,如:chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等,作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式;但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

如: The trousers are in the drawer. 裤子在抽屉里。

There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一双鞋在床下。

 The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 这双袜子很贵。

5. 由连接词连接的名词作主语.

 1)、用andboth…and连接并列主语,表示不同概念,谓语动词常用复数。

如:You and he both stand up. 你和他都站了起来。 Water and air are both important. 和空气都很重要。 Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。 但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时,即指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词

用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。 英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:

2)表示兼职或有多个称呼的人。

如:the worker and poet 这位工人兼诗人

The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting. 这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。

6、当主语后面跟有as well as, along with, with, like, rather than, together with,等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。

如:Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不仅你而且你的父亲对我都非常好。 He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever. 他象你和小李一样非常聪明。

Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris. Robbins先生明天将和妻子和孩子离开伦敦去巴黎。

D. 分数、量词作主语 .

1、分数或百分数+of+名词构成的短语及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a heap of, heaps of +名词构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的数与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。如:

More than 70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water.

我们星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆盖着。

One third of the students are girls in our group. 我们队三分之一的学生是女生。

2、a great deal of/ a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,如:

A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway.

很多大米通过铁路从乡下运往城市。

3、a number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数:the number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:

A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.

这个周末许多学生将去野炊。

The number of days in February this year is 28. 今年二月份的天数是二十八天。

E. 名词化的形容词作主语 “the+形容词(或过去分词或现在分词)

如:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等结构担任主语表示一类人时,谓语动词常用复数形式,如:

The young are more active than the old. 青年人比老年人积极。

F. 动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.

学一门外语并不象你想象的那么难。

Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。

That he has won the game is known to us all. 他赢了这场比赛是我们众所周知的事。 但what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如: What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。

What we need are good teachers. 我们需要的是好老师。

 

二十一、It的用法

1)用作形式主语

It is difficult to translate this article. 翻译这篇文章很难。

It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living.

懒汉谋生是日益困难了。

What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?

什么时候我再给你打电话最合适?

It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。

It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我很大的荣幸。

It is strange that he did not come at all. 真奇怪,他竟还没来。

It doesn’t matter what you do.什么都没关系。

在上述诸例中,后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置,而出现于句首。

To translate this article is difficult.

Going there so early is no use.

That he did not come at all is strange.

上述结构远不如用先行it结构普通。此外,也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转换。如: It seems that John is not coming after all. 似乎约翰终竟不来。

It happened that John was the only witness. 碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。

上述两例只能转换为:

John doesn’t seem to be coming after all. John happened to be the only witness.

2)用作形式宾语. I found it difficult to explain to him what happened.

我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。

He thought it no use going over the subject again. 他认为再讨论这个问题没有用了。

They kept it quiet that he was dead. 他们对他的死保密。

We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution.

我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染。

3)注意以下几种强调句的翻译:

It was Jane that/who called this morning. 是珍妮今天上午打来电话。

It was a parcel that she brought him. 她带给他的是一个包裹。 分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语,使之成为信息中心。

It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas.

是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。

 It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to) at Christmas.

约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。

It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas.

约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。

It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.

是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。

It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang.

是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。

It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday.

我昨天是由于想买一本词典而进城的。

 It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday.

昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的。(注意句中not的位置).

 

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